Performance Measures of Superscalar Processor

In this paper the author describes about superscalar processor and its architecture. A superscalar architecture is one in which several instructions can be initiated simultaneously and executed independently. pipelining allows several instructions to be executed at the same time, but they have to be in different pipeline stages at a given moment. Superscalar architectures include all features of pipelining but, in addition, there can be several instructions executing simultaneously in the same pipeline stage. They have the ability to initiate multiple instructions during the same clock cycle. Superscalar processing is the latest in a long series of innovations aimed at producing ever-faster microprocessors. By exploiting instruction-level parallelism, superscalar processors are capable of executing more than one instruction in a clock cycle. This paper discusses the microarchitecture of superscalar processors. We begin with a discussion of the general problem solved by superscalar processors: converting an ostensibly sequential program into a more parallel one. The principles underlying this process, and the constraints that must be met, are discussed. The paper then provides a description of the specific implementation techniques used in the important phases of superscalar processing. The major phases include: i) instruction fetching and conditional branch processing, ii) the determination of data dependences involving register values, iii) the initiation, or issuing, of instructions for parallel execution, iv) the communication of data values through memory via loads and stores, and v) committing the process state in correct order so that precise interrupts can be supported. Examples of recent superscalar microprocessors, the MIPS R10000, the DEC 21164, and the AMD K5 are used to illustrate a variety of superscalar methods. The goal of a superscalar microprocessor is to execute multiple instructions per cycle. Instruction-level parallelism (ILP) available in programs can be exploited to realize this goal. Unfortunately, this potential parallelism will never be utilized if the instructions are not delivered for decoding and execution at a sufficient rate. A high performance fetching mechanism is required.